Despite facing pricing decreases in Q4 2020 and into January 2021, the solid-state drive (SSD) market is seeing similar supply constraints to the shortages experienced in 2019-2020.
In 2019, a saturated market flip-flopped in response to trade wars as manufacturers cut production. On top of it all, an unexpected 13-minute power outage at a plant in Japan hindered NAND production and caused the global supply to run behind for the months that followed.
In 2020, the rollout of 5G, IoT, and new gaming activity met a competitive market scrambling to recover SSD supply just as COVID-19 shut down manufacturers across the world. A short-lived recovery in Q3 diminished with the intensifying tech cold war, leaving tariffs and allocations as a new barrier.
Now, in 2021, COVID-19 shutdowns continue to persist, creating additional market constraints. While initial inventory started the year with soft pricing, shortages began appearing in late February. A culmination of deteriorating raw materials, natural disasters, production capacity of components of SSDs like NAND flash memory, and dwindling supply of controller ICs wreak havoc on SSD supply as demand continues.
The SSD shortage does follow the cyclical market demand. But this shortage is different, due mainly to allocation issues from manufacturers as they struggle to meet pandemic-driven consumer demand for automobiles, PCs and smartphones. Global shortages in raw materials like ABF substrate and silicon wafers will also continue to affect production capacity of SSDs, which is already seeing price hikes as controller IC supply becomes tight.
Manufacturers like Intel report SSD prices are expected to increase further in Q4 2021 due to cost increase driven by this controller IC shortage. Shipments for Q4 face shortages of 3-4 parts necessary in SSD builds, creating an inevitable backlog. Analysts predict this will cause a pricing swell for older SSD series even as manufacturers release new series this fall.
This combination of cyclical demand and material shortages has an amplified ripple effect at a time when SSDs are poised to exponentially increase in everyday usage.
According to MarketWatch, the SSD market is expected to increase a CAGR of 14.94% during 2020-2025, because technology continues to rapidly advance -- thus, increasing the need for larger and faster SSDs.
For example, SSDs are projected to replace HDDs in data centers in the next 6-10 years because SSDs are best suited for executing big data, and provide fewer limitations than HDDs. Additionally, consumer demand continues to rise for smarter technology in mobile phones, automobiles, wireless applications and appliances -- all of which require SSDs.
The real catalyst for the SSD supply hinges on NAND memory. NAND flash memory, which does not require power to retain data, is quickly becoming the storage of choice in smart phones, enterprise computing, and data centers. Greater SSD usage requires more NAND flash, and current pricing and oversupply of NAND flash is leading to higher SSD adoption, specifically in notebooks. However, it is predicted that NAND flash demand will outpace supply later in 2021 with new mobile devices and CPUs hitting the market.
Both AMD and Intel released their new server CPUs in March, which typically spurs a new generation of server builds and in turn, quickly increase the overall demand of NAND supply. The NAND segment is predicted to grow by 19% in 2021, outpacing the semiconductor industry.
The increase in demand is likely to exceed NAND production capacity in Q3 with supply expected to be 30-40% lower than it was in Q2, resulting in a NAND deficit that may raise SSD pricing 10-30% in Q3. However, an equilibrium might occur in Q4 2021 or in early 2022, when the new Hynix fab that opened in February 2021, begins to hit its production stride. The fab is expected to expand NAND production, of which the company currently holds third largest market share.